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- Thermal.doc
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- The self generated heat of
- transistors used for small signals
- such as low power amplifiers and
- oscillators rarely cause problems
- due to overheating but as soon as
- appreciable power is involved then
- all sorts of problems may arise.
- This is very true of power supply
- units that may need to provide
- output currents of several amperes.
- To avoid destruction of a series
- pass transistor used in such a power
- unit the generated heat in the
- transistor must be dissipated to
- prevent the transistor case and thus
- the junction rising above the
- manufacturers maximum rating. For
- long life it is desirable that the
- transistor 'runs' as cool as
- possible.
-
- The programme will ask for various
- parameters to be entered and some
- of these can be obtained from the
- transistor manufacturers data sheet.
- The others are determined by the
- characteristics of the power supply
- circuit and components. For example
- consider a power unit designed to
- output 12 volts at 1 ampere. The
- input voltage under full load
- conditions will need to be 12 volts
- plus the volts dropped across the
- series pass transistor, typically 2
- volts. In addition some allowance
- must be made for variations in the
- mains power supply. These rarely
- exceed 5%. Therefore the 12 volts
- must be increased by at least 5% to
- 12.6 volts. The final design voltage
- is now 12.6 + 2 = 14.2 volts. But
- this assumes that the rectifier
- filter capacitor is sufficient to
- 'hold up' the voltage during the
- trough of the voltage from the
- rectifiers. Again the rectifiers
- will create a volts drop of about
- 0.6 volts each and this must be
- allowed for. Under typical
- conditions the rectified and
- filtered input to the series pass
- transistor, under full load, will be
- in the region of 15 volts at best.
-
- As an example consider a popular
- transistor type 2N3055 used as a
- series pass device. The
- manufacturers absolute maximum case
- temperature is 160 degrees Celsius.
- At that temperature there is no
- leeway for temporary overloads and
- it is preferable that a maximum
- working temperature of 100 degrees
- be used.
-
- So far things are straight forward
- but now the tricky part is assessing
- the specification of the heat sink
- that will be required to dissipate
- the transistor heat so that the
- maximum temperature of 100 degrees
- is not exceeded. Fortunately heat
- sink manufacturers normally specify
- their heat sinks with a degrees per
- watt figure. For example a heat sink
- specified as 4 degrees C per watt
- means that it's temperature will
- rise 4 degrees above ambient for
- each watt dissipated: e.g. 4 watts
- results in 16 degrees rise above
- ambient.
-
- If the thermal contact between the
- transistor and heat sink is perfect
- then the transistor will operate
- near the same temperature as the
- heat sink BUT this is an imperfect
- world and some temperature gradient
- will exist between the transistor
- and heat sink. The magnitude of this
- gradient is, to a large extent,
- under your control. The heat sink
- surface should be as flat as
- possible and the transistor should
- be firmly bolted to it so as to
- provide the maximum surface contact
- and lowest thermal resistance. The
- addition of a proprietory thermal
- grease between the mating surfaces
- will make a substantial improvement.
- In most instances the electronic
- circuit arrangement neccessitates
- the body of the transistor being
- electrically insulated from the heat
- sink and recourse must be made to
- fit a suitable insulator between the
- transistor and sink. The choice is
- limited to a thin mica shim, hard
- anodised aluminium (this being an
- insulator so long as the anodised
- surface is not damaged) and heat
- conductive plastic/fibre glass
- compounds. Thermal grease must still
- be used to maintain good thermal
- contact. The Thermal.Prg allows for
- various transistor/heat sink types.
-
- It is assumed that the heat sink is
- mounted with it's fins vertical and
- with free air circulation.
-
- Example of programme use:-
-
- Transistor: 2N3055
- Case Size : TO3
- Input Volts: 18
- Output Volts: 12
- Output Amps: 3
- Case Temp: 100 degrees C
- Sink Insulator: Mica with grease
- Ambient Temp: 30 degrees C
-
- Putting the above parameters into
- the programme will specify a heat
- sink rated at 3.39 degrees Celsius
- per watt. Use the nearest standard
- sink available that has a lower
- figure eg 3 degrees per watt.
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